常用mysql命令行命令

1 .mysql的启动与停止
启动MYSQL服务 net start mysql
停止MYSQL服务 net stop mysql
2 . netstat –na | findstr 3306 查看被监听的端口 , findstr用于查找后面的端口是否存在
3 . 在命令行中登陆MYSQL控制台 , 即使用 MYSQL COMMEND LINE TOOL
语法格式 mysql –user=root –password=123456 db_name
或 mysql –uroot –p123456 db_name
4 . 进入MYSQL命令行工具后 , 使用status; 或\s 查看运行环境信息
5 . 切换连接数据库的语法 : use new_dbname;
6 . 显示所有数据库 : show databases;
7 . 显示数据库中的所有表 : show tables;
8 . 显示某个表创建时的全部信息 : show create table table_name;
9 . 查看表的具体属性信息及表中各字段的描述
Describe table_name; 缩写形式 : desc table_name;

MySql中的SQL语句

1 . 数据库创建 : Create database db_name;
数据库删除 : Drop database db_name; 删除时可先判断是否存在，写成 : drop database if exits db_name
2 . 建表 : 创建数据表的语法 : create table table_name (字段1 数据类型 , 字段2 数据类型);
例 : create table mytable (id int , username char(20));
删表 : drop table table_name; 例 : drop table mytable;
8 . 添加数据 : Insert into 表名 [(字段1 , 字段2 , ….)] values (值1 , 值2 , …..);
如果向表中的每个字段都插入一个值,那么前面 [ ] 括号内字段名可写也可不写
例 : insert into mytable (id,username) values (1,’zhangsan’);
9 . 查询 : 查询所有数据 : select * from table_name;
查询指定字段的数据 : select 字段1 , 字段2 from table_name;
例 : select id,username from mytable where id=1 order by desc;多表查询语句------------参照第17条实例
10 . 更新指定数据 , 更新某一个字段的数据（注意，不是更新字段的名字）
Update table_name set 字段名=’新值’ [, 字段2 =’新值’ , …..][where id=id_num] [order by 字段 顺序]
例 : update mytable set username=’lisi’ where id=1;
Order语句是查询的顺序 , 如 : order by id desc(或asc) , 顺序有两种 : desc倒序(100—1,即从最新数据往后查询),asc(从1-100)，Where和order语句也可用于查询select 与删除delete
11 . 删除表中的信息 :
删除整个表中的信息 : delete from table_name;
删除表中指定条件的语句 : delete from table_name where 条件语句 ; 条件语句如 : id=3;
12 . 创建数据库用户
一次可以创建多个数据库用户如：
CREATE USER username1 identified BY ‘password’ , username2 IDENTIFIED BY ‘password’….
13 . 用户的权限控制：grant
库，表级的权限控制 : 将某个库中的某个表的控制权赋予某个用户
Grant all ON db_name.table_name TO user_name [ indentified by ‘password’ ];
14 . 表结构的修改
（1）增加一个字段格式：
alter table table_name add column (字段名 字段类型); ----此方法带括号
（2）指定字段插入的位置：
alter table table_name add column 字段名 字段类型 after 某字段；
删除一个字段：
alter table table_name drop字段名;
（3）修改字段名称/类型
alter table table_name change 旧字段名 新字段名 新字段的类型;
（4）改表的名字
alter table table_name rename to new_table_name;
（5）一次性清空表中的所有数据
truncate table table_name; 此方法也会使表中的取号器(ID)从1开始
15 . 增加主键，外键，约束，索引。。。。(使用方法见17实例)
① 约束（主键Primary key、唯一性Unique、非空Not Null）
② 自动增张 auto_increment
③外键Foreign key-----与reference table_name(col_name列名)配合使用，建表时单独使用
④ 删除多个表中有关联的数据----设置foreign key 为set null ---具体设置参考帮助文档
16 . 查看数据库当前引擎
SHOW CREATE TABLE table_name;
修改数据库引擎
ALTER TABLE table_name ENGINE=MyISAM | InnoDB;
17 . SQL语句运用实例:
--1 建users表
create table users (id int primary key auto_increment,nikename varchar(20) not null unique,password varchar(100) not null,address varchar(200), reg_date timestamp not null default CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);
--2 建articles表,在建表时设置外键
create table articles (id int primary key auto_increment,content longtext not null,userid int,constraint foreign key (userid) references users(id) on delete set null);
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
--2.1 建articles表,建表时不设置外键
create table articles (id int primary key auto_increment,content longtext not null,userid int);
--2.2 给articles表设置外键
alter table articles add constraint foreign key (userid) references users(id) on delete set null;
------------------------------------------------------------------------
--3. 向users表中插入数据,同时插入多条
insert into users (id,nikename,password,address) values (1,'lyh1','1234',null),(10,'lyh22','4321','湖北武汉'),(null,'lyh333','5678','北京海淀');
--4. 向article中插入三条数据
insert into articles (id,content,userid) values (2,'hahahahahaha',11),(null,'xixixixixix',10),(13,'aiaiaiaiaiaiaiaiaiaiaiaia',1),(14,'hohoahaoaoooooooooo',10);
--5. 进行多表查询，选择users表中ID=10的用户发布的所有留言及该用户的所有信息
select articles.id,articles.content,users.* from users,articles where users.id=10 and articles.userid=users.id order by articles.id desc;
--6. 查看数据库引擎类型
show create table users;
--7. 修改数据库引擎类型
alter table users engine=MyISAM; ---因为users表中ID被设置成外键，执行此句会出错
--8. 同表查询,已知一个条件的情况下.查询ID号大于用户lyh1的ID号的所有用户
select a.id,a.nikename,a.address from users a,users b where b.nikename='lyh1' and a.id>b.id;
------也可写成
select id,nikename,address from users where id>(select id from users where nikename='lyh1');
9. 显示年龄比领导还大的员工：
select a.name from users a,users b where a.managerid=b.id and a.age>b.age;
查询编号为2的发帖人: 先查articles表,得到发帖人的编号,再根据编号查users得到的用户名。
接着用关联查询.
select * from articles,users得到笛卡儿积,再加order by articles.id以便观察
使用select * from articles,users where articles.id=2 筛选出2号帖子与每个用户的组合记录
再使用select * from articles,users where articles.id=2 and articles.userid=users.id选出users.id等于2号帖的发帖人id的记录.
只取用户名:select user where user.id=(select userid from articles where article.id =2)
找出年龄比小王还大的人:假设小王是28岁,先想找出年龄大于28的人
select * from users where age>(select age from users where name='xiaowang');
*****要查询的记录需要参照表里面的其他记录:
select a.name from users a,users b where b.name='xiaowang' and a.age>b.age
表里的每个用户都想pk一下.select a.nickname,b.nickname from users a,users b where a.id>b.id ;
更保险的语句:select a.nickname,b.nickname from (select * from users order by id) a,(se
lect * from users order by id) b where a.id>b.id ;
再查询某个人发的所有帖子.
select b.* from articles a , articles b where a.id=2 and a.userid=b.userid
说明: 表之间存在着关系，ER概念的解释，用access中的示例数据库演示表之间的关系.只有innodb引擎才支持foreign key，mysql的任何引擎目前都不支持check约束。

字符集出现错误解决办法

出现的问题：
mysql> update users
-> set username='关羽'
-> where userid=2;
ERROR 1366 (HY000): Incorrect string value: '\xB9\xD8\xD3\xF0' for column 'usern
ame' at row 1
向表中插入中文字符时，出现错误。
mysql> select * from users;
+--------+----------+
| userid | username |
+--------+----------+
| 2 | ???? |
| 3 | ???? |
| 4 | ?í?ù |
+--------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
表中的中文字符位乱码。
解决办法：
使用命令：
mysql> status;
--------------
mysql Ver 14.12 Distrib 5.0.45, for Win32 (ia32)
Connection id: 8
Current database: test
Current user: root@localhost
SSL: Not in use
Using delimiter: ;
Server version: 5.0.45-community-nt MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Protocol version: 10
Connection: localhost via TCP/IP
Server characterset: latin1
Db characterset: latin1
Client characterset: gbk
Conn. characterset: gbk
TCP port: 3306
Uptime: 7 hours 39 min 19 sec
Threads: 2 Questions: 174 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 57 Flush tables: 1 Open ta
bles: 1 Queries per second avg: 0.006
--------------
查看mysql发现Server characterset，Db characterset的字符集设成了latin1，所以出现中文乱码。
mysql> show tables;
+----------------+
| Tables_in_test |
+----------------+
| users |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
更改表的字符集。
mysql> alter table users character set GBK;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.08 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
查看表的结构：

mysql> show create table users;
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table
|
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| users | CREATE TABLE `users` (
`userid` int(11) default NULL,
`username` char(20) character set latin1 default NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk |
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc users;
+----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| userid | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| username | char(20) | YES | | NULL | |
+----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.02 sec)
这时向表中插入中文然后有错误。
mysql> insert into users values(88,'中文');
ERROR 1366 (HY000): Incorrect string value: '\xD6\xD0\xCE\xC4' for column 'usern
ame' at row 1
mysql> insert into users values(88,'中文');
ERROR 1366 (HY000): Incorrect string value: '\xD6\xD0\xCE\xC4' for column 'usern
ame' at row 1
还要更改users表的username的字符集。
mysql> alter table users modify username char(20) character set gbk;
ERROR 1366 (HY000): Incorrect string value: '\xC0\xEE\xCB\xC4' for column 'usern
ame' at row 1
因为表中已经有数据，所以更改username字符集的操作没有成***
清空users表中的数据
mysql> truncate table users;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
从新更改user表中username的字符集
mysql> alter table users modify username char(20) character set gbk;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
这时再插入中文字符，插入成***。
mysql> insert into users values(88,'中文');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from users;
+--------+----------+
| userid | username |
+--------+----------+
| 88 | 中文 |
+--------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>

插入中文报错

进入安装目录下的 my.ini修改配置，
有两个地方需要修改，一个是client端的还有一个是server端的
Sql代码
# CLIENT SECTION
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# The following options will be read by MySQL client applications.
# Note that only client applications shipped by MySQL are guaranteed
# to read this section. If you want your own MySQL client program to
# honor these values, you need to specify it as an option during the
# MySQL client library initialization.
#
[client]
port=3306
[mysql]
default-character-set=gbk//这个地方
# SERVER SECTION
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# The following options will be read by the MySQL Server. Make sure that
# you have installed the server correctly (see above) so it reads this
# file.
#
[mysqld]
# The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server will listen on
port=3306
#Path to installation directory. All paths are usually resolved relative to this.
basedir="C:/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server 6.0/"
#Path to the database root
datadir="C:/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server 6.0/Data/"
# The default character set that will be used when a new schema or table is
# created and no character set is defined
default-character-set=gbk//这个地方
# CLIENT SECTION
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# The following options will be read by MySQL client applications.
# Note that only client applications shipped by MySQL are guaranteed
# to read this section. If you want your own MySQL client program to
# honor these values, you need to specify it as an option during the
# MySQL client library initialization.
#
[client]
port=3306
[mysql]
default-character-set=gbk//这个地方
# SERVER SECTION
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# The following options will be read by the MySQL Server. Make sure that
# you have installed the server correctly (see above) so it reads this
# file.
#
[mysqld]
# The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server will listen on
port=3306
#Path to installation directory. All paths are usually resolved relative to this.
basedir="C:/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server 6.0/"
#Path to the database root
datadir="C:/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server 6.0/Data/"
# The default character set that will be used when a new schema or table is
# created and no character set is defined
default-character-set=gbk//这个地方
其实这两个地方弄好了，未必就能插入中文，
还要在创建数据库的时候 指定 default charset=gbk
创建表的时候最好也加上。这样保证你百分百不会在
报错了。